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Hybrid Systems

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Hybrid systems are grid-tied solar installations with battery backup. This is the most common BESS configuration in residential and commercial applications.

Hybrid System Architecture

Solar Array (DC)
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Hybrid Inverter/Charger ←→ Battery Bank
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  AC Loads + Grid

The hybrid inverter manages: - Solar charging of battery - Grid charging of battery (if configured) - Battery discharge to loads - Grid export (if configured) - Seamless transition to battery backup during outage

Operating Modes

Mode Description
Self-consumption Solar charges battery; battery covers loads at night
Backup only Battery reserved for grid outage only
Peak shaving Charge on-peak, discharge at peak rate hours
Time of use (TOU) Charge cheap, discharge expensive

Critical vs. Non-Critical Loads

Most hybrid installations separate loads into: - Critical panel (backed up by battery): essential loads — refrigerator, medical, lighting, charging - Main panel (not backed up): HVAC, EV charging, heavy loads

During an outage, the hybrid inverter only powers the critical panel. Knowing which loads are on which panel is essential for client communication.

Transition During Outage

When grid power drops: 1. Hybrid inverter detects loss of grid within milliseconds 2. Opens transfer switch (isolates from grid — required for anti-islanding safety) 3. Begins powering critical loads from battery 4. Solar continues charging battery during daylight

Return to grid: 1. Grid power restores 2. Inverter verifies grid stability (typically 5 minutes) 3. Reconnects and resumes normal operation